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E.  S.  LlBHAJRY.  Get.  2» 


THE 


Connecticut  Agricultural  Eiprimt  Station, 

MW    HAVEN,     CONN. 


BULLETIN    No.    Ill, 

MARCH,    1892. 


COISTTENTS. 

Notice  as  to  Bulletins               

PAGE 

2 

Notice  as  to  Annual  Reports            . 

Common  Fungus  Diseases  and  Methods  of  Treatment 

2 
p 

Apple           iScab 

1 1               (  Ripe-rot  or  Bitter-rot 

p                  j  Leaf-blight  or  Leaf-rot 

rear'             {  Scab             

3 
5 
5 
6 

Quince,            Leaf-blight  or  Leaf-spot 

6 

Peach.             Yellows       ...... 

7 

Plum  and  )    \  Black-knot 

Cherry,      j"   (  Brown-rot             

(  Black-rot 

Grape,          <  Brown-rot  or  Downy-Mildew 

(  Anthracnose         ..... 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Raspberry    ) 

and           |-  Anthracnose 

Blackberry,  ) 

Strawberry,     Leaf-blight 

12 
13 

Onion,               Smut            ...... 

14 

Potato.             Blight  or  Rot 

15 

Tomato,        \  ^af-blight 

'         (  Potato-rot            

15 
16 

Fungicides,  and  their  Preparation  .          .... 
Bordeaux  Mixture             

16 
16 

Ammoniacal  Carbonate  of  Copper 

16 

Ammonia-Copper  Solution                                    : 
Cost  of  Crude  Chemicals 

17 

17 

Spraying  Apparatus 

Pumps      .         .         .         .         . 

Nozzles               ........ 

18 
18 
19 

Hose 

19 

Cost  of  Pumps  and  Accessories        .... 

20 

Explanation  of  Plates 

20 

43 
,E 


2  TPIE    CONNECTICUT   AGRICULTURAL 

Notice  as  to  Bulletins. 

The  Bulletins  of  this  Station,  issued  quarterly  or  oftener,  are 
mailed  free  to  citizens  of  Connecticut  who  apply  for  them,  and  to 
others,  as  far  as  the  limited  editions  permit. 

Applications  should  be  renewed  annually  before  January  1st. 

Citizens  of  other  States  desiring;  to  secure  the  Bulletins  reo;u- 
larly  are  referred  to  notice  below. 

The  matter  of  all  the  Bulletins  of  this  Station  in  so  far  as  it 
is  new  and  of  permanent  value  will  be  made  part  of  the  Annual 
Report  of  the  Director. 

Bulletins  earlier  than  No.  71  and  Nos.  83,  93,  100,  101  and  102 
are  exhausted  and  cannot  be  supplied. 

Notice  as  to  Supply  of  Station  Reports. 

The  Annual  Report  of  this  Station  for  1891,  printed  at  State 
expense,  is  limited  to  an  edition  of  7,000  copies,  of  which  5,000 
copies  are  bound  and  distributed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Board 
of  Agriculture,  T.  S.  Gold,  West  Cornwall,  Conn. 

After  satisfying  necessary  exchanges,  the  copies  remaining  at 
the  disposal  of  the  Station  have  been  sent  to  citizens  of  Connecti- 
cut, who  made  application  for  them,  until  our  supply  is  exhausted. 

Those  on  our  list  who  have  not  received  copies  of  the  Report 
for  1891  will  be  supplied  by  Mr.  Gold  through  the  town  agents. 

The  Station  has  no  supply  of  its  Annual  Reports  for  the  years 
1877,  1878,1879,  1880,  1881,  1883,  and  1887,  and  will  pay  a  liberal 
price  for  a  number  of  clean  copies  of  Reports  for  any  of  these 
years. 

Extra  copies  of  the  next  Annual  Report  can  be  secured  if  called 
for  before  the  printing-forms  are  broken  up.  Such  copies  will  be 
struck  off  and  supplied  early  next  year  to  citizens  of  other  States 
Avho  apply  to  this  Station  before  February  1st,  and  who  remit  25 
cents  per  copy  to  defray  costs.  This  remittance  will  also  secure 
to  the  sender  the  Bulletins  issued  by  this  Station  during  the  year. 

Coin  may  be  forwarded  by  Post  at  sender's  risk  with  small 
chance  of  loss,  as  follows :  Cut  an  inch  hole  in  a  card  or  scrap  of 
paper-box  that  will  just  fit  inside  an  envelope,  fasten  a  twenty- 
five  cent  piece  in  the  cavity  by  pasting  paper  over  it  on  both 
sides  of  the  card,  write  thereon  name  and  Post  office  address,, 
inclose  within  an  envelope,  and  send  as  a  letter  prepaid  in  full. 
P.  O.  stamps  cannot  be  accepted. 


EXPEEIMENT   STATION. 


COMMON  FUNGUS  DISEASES  AND  THEIR  TREATMENT. 

By  William  C.  Sturgis,  Ph.D.,  Mycologist. 

With  the  approach  of  spring  numerous  inquiries  are  addressed 
to  us  from  all  parts  of  the  State  regarding  fungus  diseases  of 
plants,  the  substances  used  in  combating  them,  the  proper  season 
for  beginning  spraying,  the  required  frequency  of  application,  the 
means  'and  methods  of  application,  and  other  matters  of  a  like 
nature.  Although  the  subject  is  by  no  means  a  new  one,  and  has 
been  treated  many  times  in  purely  scientific  books  and  periodi- 
cals as  well  as  in  the  publications  of  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture at  Washington  and  of  the  various  State  Experiment  Stations, 
it  is  a  matter  of  no  slight  difficulty  to  find  in  this  mass  of  litera- 
ture just  what  is  needed  under  definite  and  often  urgent  circum- 
stances. The  purpose  of  the  present  Bulletin  is  to  answer  as 
briefly  as  is  compatible  with  clearness,  and  with  as  few  technical 
terras  as  possible,  some  of  the  questions  referred  to  above.  The 
only  diseases  here  noticed  are  those  familiar  to  the  farmers  and 
fruit  growers  of  this  State,  and  readily  recognized  by  their  com- 
mon names.  No  extended  description  of  the  different  fungi  will 
therefore  be  given,  but  only  sufficient  to  enable  one  who  has  seen 
the  diseases,  to  recognize  them. 

DISEASES   OF   THE   APPLE. 

"  Scab."     [Fusicladium  dendriticum  (Wallr.)  Fckl] 

This  disease  attacks  the  leaves  and  fruit  of  the  apple,  produc- 
ing roundish  or  irregular  blotches  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
leaves,  and  on  the  fruit.  These  blotches  are  of  a  dark  greenish- 
brown  color,  and  of  a  more  or  less  velvety  texture.  The  growth 
of  the  fungus  causing  these  blotches  does  not  tend  to  produce 
any  rapid  or  widespread  decay  in  the  fruit,  but  it  does  stunt  and 
distort  the  fruit,  rendering  it  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  un- 
sightly and  unmarketable.  The  "  scab "  should  not  be  con- 
founded with  the  diseases  known  as  "bitter-rot"  and  "black- 
rot,"  both  of  which  tend  to  produce  rotten  areas  in  the  fruit. 


4  THE   CONNECTICUT   AGRICULTURAL 

Treatment. 

Inasmuch  as  the  "  spores  "  or  fruit  of  the  "  scab  "  fungus  pass  the 
•winter  in  the  fallen  leaves  beneath  the  trees  or  in  the  cracks  and 
crevices  of  the  bark,  collecting  and  burning  the  leaves  in  winter 
is  of  great  assistance  in  controlling  the  disease,  and  a  winter 
treatment  in  the  form  of  a  strong  wash  or  spray  applied  to  the 
trees  is  most  desirable.  The  material  used  is  a  strong  solution 
of  either  sulphate  of  copper,  1  lb.  to  10  galls,  of  water,  or  sul- 
phate of  iron,  1  lb.  to  5  galls,  of  water.  This  application  is  best 
made  by  means  of  some  form  of  spraying  apparatus,  and  should 
be  used  in  early  spring  before  the  buds  have  begun  to  swell. 

This  should  be  followed  up  by  a  summer  treatment,  consisting 
in  the  application  of  either  the  Bordeaux  mixture  or  ammoniacal 
carbonate  of  copper.  Formulas  and  directions  for  the  preparation 
of  these  and  other  fungicides  are  given  on  pp.  16  and  17.  The 
Bordeaux  mixture  presents  one  very  decided  advantage  over  the 
ammoniacal  copper  carbonate  in  that  it  contains  no  ammonia,  hence 
does  not  dissolve  the  arsenic  compounds,  and  can  therefore  be 
used  in  conjunction  with  Paris  green  or  London  purple  to  pre- 
vent the  attacks  of  the  codling  moth  as  well  as  of  the  "  scab  " 
fungus.  The  mixture  should  be  made  in  the  proportion  of  one 
pound  of  the  arsenic  compound  (Paris  green  or  London  purple) 
to  100  gallons  of  the  fungicide,  the  former  being  stirred  to  a 
smooth  paste  with  a  little  water  and  added  to  the  latter. 

Time  of  application. 

In  applying  fungicides  for  apple  "scab"  it  should  be  remem- 
bered that  early  treatment,  especially  one  treatment  previous  to 
the  opening  of  the  flowers,  is  extremely  important,  and  that 
spraying  after  midsummer  is  of  doubtful  value.  One  application 
just  before  the  flowers  open,  a  second  as  soon  as  the  fruit  is  set, 
and  a  third  when  the  fruit  is  half  grown,  will  be  found  as  efficient 
as  a  number  of  applications  later  in  the  season.  This  recommen- 
dation may  be  modified  by  conditions  of  weather.  In  case  of 
frequent  and  heavy  rains  in  early  summer  the  applications  must 
be  made  oftener,  perhaps  every  ten  days,  and  even  then  it  will  be 
found  impossible  to  prevent  entirely  the  attack  of  the  fungus. 


EXPERIMENT   STATION.  5 

"Ripe-rot"  or  "Bitter-rot."     (Glmosporium  fructigenum 

Berk.) 

The  presence  of  this  fungus  upon  the  fruit  is  characterized  by- 
roundish  brown  spots,  slightly  sunken,  and  having  the  appearance 
of  ordinary  decay.  Later  a  few  minute  black  pimples  appear  in  the 
center  of  each  brown  area,  the  substance  of  the  fruit  below  these 
areas  becomes  brown,  spongy,  and  more  or  less  decayed,  and  is 
extremely  bitter  to  the  taste.  The  fungus  also  attacks  the  grape, 
and  does  serious  damage. 

Treatment. 

Inasmuch  as  this  disease  attacks  the  fruit  when  it  is  nearly  or 
quite  ripe,  the  early  application  of  fungicides  is  not  necessary. 
Sulphide  of  potassium  (liver  of  sulphur)  mixed  with  water  in  the 
proportion  of  one-half  ounce  to  a  gallon  of  water,  and  ammoniacal 
carbonate  of  copper,  have  both  proved  effective  remedies.  The 
first  spraying  should  be  made  about  the  middle  of  July,  and  the 
treatment  repeated  twice  at  intervals  of  about  two  weeks,  or 
of  tener  if  the  rains  are  frequent. 

DISEASES   OF  THE   PEAR. 

"Leaf-blight"  or  "Leaf-spot."     (Entomosporium  macula- 
turn  Lev.) 

This  disease  attacks  the  leaves  and  fruit  of  both  the  pear  and 
the  quince,  producing  on  the  leaf  yellowish  or  reddish  spots 
marked  in  the  center  by  minute  black  pimples.  The  affected 
leaves  fall  prematurely,  generally  by  the  first  part  of  July,  the 
tree  suffers  in  consequence,  and  may  eventually  die  from  the 
effects  of  repeated  premature  defoliation.  Upon  the  fruit  the 
spots  produced  by  the  fungus  are  not  usually  as  prominent  as 
upon  the  leaf,  but  the  fruit  cracks  badly,  and  becomes  stunted 
and  quite  unmarketable. 

Treatment. 

The  Bordeaux  mixture  has  been  successfully  used  in  the  treat- 
ment of  this  disease,  but  its  greater  cost  renders  it  inferior  to  the 
almost  equally  effective  ammoniated  compounds,  except  in  very- 
severe  cases. 

The  ammoniated  compound  which  has  produced  the  best  re- 
sults is  an  ammonia-copper  solution,  the  formula  of  which  is  given 


6  THE    CONNECTICUT   AGRICULTURAL 

on  p.  17.  Collecting  and  burning  the  fallen  leaves,  and  a  winter 
treatment  of  the  trees  with  a  strong  solution  of  sulphate  of  cop- 
per as  recommended  for  apple  "  scab,"  would  also  check  the 
spread  of  the  disease. 

Time  of  application. 

The  first  spraying  with  the  Bordeaux  mixture  or  the  ammonia- 
copper  solution  should  be  made  just  before  the  blossoms  open; 
a  second,  as  soon  as  the  blossoms  have  fallen ;  and  either  two  or 
three  more  at  intervals  of  two  or  three  weeks  according  to  the 
rainfall. 

"Scab."     [Fusicladium  pyrinum  (Lib.)  Fckl.] 

The  fungus  causing  this  disease  is  very  closely  related  to  that 
causing  the  apple  "  scab,"  and  the  effects  of  the  two  are  very 
similar.  Upon  the  pear,  as  upon  the  apple,  the  fungus  produces 
dark  brownish  patches  of  a  velvety  texture  on  the  leaves  and 
fruit.  Cool,  damp  weather  is  in  both  cases  favorable  to  the 
spread  of  the  disease. 

Treatment. 

A  spray  of  sulphide  of  potassium,  used  in  the  proportion  of 
one  ounce  to  two  gallons  of  water,  has  been  recommended,  but  is 
probably  not  as  effective  as  the  Bordeaux  mixture  or  the  ammo- 
niacal  carbonate  of  copper.  The  first  application  should  be  made 
when  the  flowers  -  are  beginning  to  open,  a  second  when  the  fruit 
is  about  the  size  of  peas,  and  additional  applications  eveiy  two 
weeks  until  five  or  six  in  all  have  been  made. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   QUINCE. 

"Leaf-blight"  ob  "Leaf-spot."     (Entomosporium  macula- 
turn  Lev.) 

See  Plates  I,  II,  and  III. 

This  is  the  same  fungus  which  causes  the  blight  or  spot  of  the 
leaves  of  the  pear,  and  the  cracking  of  the  fruit.  In  the  case  of 
the  quince  the  most  marked  effect  of  the  fungus  is  upon  the  leaves, 
hence  the  first  effect  of  remedial  measures  is  seen  in  a  vigorous, 
healthy  leafage,  and  in  severe  cases  a  good  set  of  fruit  is  only 
secured  after  spraying  for  two  seasons. 


EXPEEIMENT   STATION.  7 

Treatment. 

In  treating  the  disease  as  it  occurs  on  quince  trees,  experience 
seems  to  show  that  in  the  end,  and  taking  into  consideration  the 
much  greater  success  attending  its  use,  the  Bordeaux  mixture  is 
preferable  to  the  ammoniacal  solution.  The  use  of  the  Bordeaux 
mixture  is  also  to  be  recommended  because  it  permits  of  admix- 
ture with  Paris  green  as  a  remedy  against  the  quince  "  maggot." 
The  Paris  green  should  be  mixed  to  a  smooth  paste  with  a  little 
water,  and  then  stirred  into  the  Bordeaux  mixture  in  the  propor- 
tion of  one  pound  of  Paris  green  to  100  gallons  of  mixture. 

This  treatment  should  be  supplemented  by  the  gathering  and 
burning  of  the  fallen  leaves,  and  by  the  winter  treatment  with 
sulphate  of  copper  or  sulphate  of  iron  as  recommended  in  other 
cases,  p.  4. 

The  proper  times  for  making  the  applications  are  the  same  as  in 
the  case  of  the  "leaf-spot"  of  the  pear,  p.  6. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   PEACH. 

Practically  the  only  disease  of  peach  trees  which  at  present 
seriously  threatens  the  fruit  interest  of  Connecticut  is  that  known 
as  "yellows."  It  is  impossible  to  give  within  the  limits  of  the 
present  Bulletin  even  a  brief  outline  of  the  investigations  which 
have  been  made  on  the  cause  or  causes  of  this  malady.  It  is  suf- 
ficient to  say  that  as  yet  no  definite  cause  has  been  ascertained 
with  any  certainty,  and  no  means  have  proved  effective  in  check- 
ing the  spread  of  the  disease  except  rooting  out  and  destroying 
by  fire  every  tree  which  shows  the  first  symptoms  of  the  disease. 
Constant  study  has  however,  given  us  certain  general  facts  rela- 
tive to  the  disease. 

(1)  The  first  manifestation  of  "yellows"  is  the  premature  ripen- 
ing of  the  fruit.  The  moment  this  symptom  is  seen,  though  the 
tree  is  to  all  appearance  sound  and  healthy  otherwise,  it  must 
go,  if  the  spread  of  the  disease  is  to  be  checked.  There  are  no 
authentic  instances  of  trees  recovering  after  the  appearance  of  this 
symptom. 

(2)  The  second  evidence  of  a  diseased  condition  is  the  prema- 
ture development  of  winter  buds,  producing  spindly  growths  and 
sickly  green  leaves.  All  the  other  symptoms  of  "yellows"  are 
due  primarily  to  these  two. 


8  THE    CONNECTICUT   AGRICULTURAL 

(3)  The  period  of  incubation,  i.  e.  the  time  elapsing  between 
artificial  inoculation  and  evident  symptoms  of  disease,  is  consid- 
erable ;  after  the  appearance  of  symptoms  the  tree  may  live  from 
one  to  five  years,  and  even  produce  fruit  during  the  early  stages 
of  the  disease. 

(4)  The  whole  tree  is  affected  when  symptoms  appear  in  any 
part  of  it,  hence 

(5)  Pruning  has  little  or  no  effect  on  the  spread  of  the  disease. 
If  a  single  diseased  tree  is  allowed  to  remain  in  the  hope  that  it 
will  bear  .fruit  for  at  least  one  more  year,  not  only  are  the  adjoin- 
ing trees  endangered  but  the  whole  orchard  and  even  adjoining 
orchards  may  become  infected. 

(6)  There  is  no  question  that  the  disease  can  be  communicated 
from  one  tree  to  another,  though  how  it  is  communicated,  that  is, 
the  nature  of  the  contagion,  is  as  yet  unknown.  It  may  be  com- 
municated by  even  apparently  healthy  buds  when  these  are  taken 
from  diseased  trees,  but  it  is  also  conveyed  in  some  other  way 
than  by  bud  inoculation,  certainly  in  the  case  of  old  trees.  Finally 
the  trees  are  not  infected  through  the  blossoms. 

(7)  The  use  of  special  fertilizers  has  never  cured  a  tree,  though 
heavy  fertilizing  may,  by  increasing  the  vigor  of  the  tree,  enable 
it  to  withstand  longer  the  effects  of  the  disease. 

(8)  It  is  possible  to  grow  healthy  trees  in  the  identical  spot 
from  which  a  diseased  tree  has  been  taken.  This  has  been  the 
practice  of  growers  in  Michigan  and  the  disease  has  been  almost 
completely  eradicated.  In  other  States  however,  notably  in  Del- 
aware, the  practice  has  not  proved  so  advisable,  and  on  the 
whole  it  seems  to  be  at  least  unsafe  to  set  out  a  new  tree  in  the 
spot  where  a  diseased  tree  has  recently  been  rooted  out. 

For  further  details  on  this  subject  the  reader  is  referred  to  Dr. 
Erwin  F.  Smith's  exhaustive  treatises,  Bulletin  No.  1,  U.  S.  Dep't 
of  Agric,  Division  of  Veg.  Path.,  and  Bulletin  No.  9,  U.  S.  Dep't 
of  Agric,  Div.  of  Bot.,  to  which  publications  we  owe  most  of  our 
knowledge  concerning  peach  "  yellows." 

DISEASES   OF   THE   PLUM   AND   CHERRY. 

"Black  Knot."      [Ploivrightia   morbosa    (Schw.)   Sacc] 

This  disease  attacks  the  smaller  limbs  and  twigs  of  wild  cher- 
ries and  plums  as  well  as  of  the  cultivated  varieties,  producing  on 
them  jet-black  wart-like  growths.  At  first  these  growths  are 
small  and  do  but  little  damage,  but  they  increase  rapidly  in  size ; 


EXPEEIMENT   STATION.  9 

by  inducing  a  morbidly  active  growth  of  the  tissue  of  the  branch 
on  the  side  upon  which  they  are  growing,  they  produce  a  distor- 
tion of  the  branch ;  and  finally,  surrounding  the  branch  com- 
pletely, they  produce  death.  It  is  not  rare  for  a  whole  tree  to  be 
killed  by  this  disease  in  the  course  of  two  seasons.  The  black 
"knots"  are  largely  composed  of  the  fruiting  part  of  a  fungus, 
the  vegetative  part  of  which  is  buried  in  the  tissues  of  the 
branch,  and  occupies  a  distance  of  three  to  five  inches  above 
and  below  the  "  knot "  itself. 

Treatment. 

After  the  disease  has  once  obtained  a  good  hold  upon  the 
larger  branches  of  a  tree  it  is  well  nigh  impossible  to  eradicate  it. 
Its  spread  can  be  stopped  however,  if  it  is  taken  in  hand  early, 
or  when  the  "knots"  are  still  small  and  few  in  number. 

With  a  sharp  knife  the  "  knots"  should  be  cut  out,  the  portion 
removed  extending  three  or  four  inches  above  and  below  the 
"  knot  "  itself.  The  wound  should  then  be  washed,  or  the  whole 
tree  sprayed  with  a  strong  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper,  and 
painted  over  with  some  oil  paint.  The  spores  of  this  fungus  ma- 
ture and  are  distributed  from  the  latter  part  of  December  to  Feb- 
ruary ;  the  best  season  therefore,  for  cutting  out  the  "  knots  "  is 
November  or  early  in  December.  The  young  "  knots  "  appearing 
in  the  spring,  bursting  through  the  bark  in  greenish  swellings,  may 
be  cut  out  at  that  season.  If  the  whole  tree  is  badly  diseased  it 
should  be  cut  down  at  once  and  burned ;  and  the  same  applies  to 
the  individual  "  knots."  If  allowed  to  remain  on  the  ground  they 
will  infect  healthy  trees  as  readily  as  though  they  were  still  on  a 
living  tree.  Wild  cherries  which  are  diseased  should  be  subjected 
to  the  same  treatment,  or  destroyed  altogether. 

"Browx-rot."     [Manilla  fructigena  Pers.) 

This  disease  attacks  the  stone-fruits,  such  as  the  peach,  plum, 
and  cherry,  and  sometimes  the  apple  and  pear.  Its  first  effect  is 
to  induce  a  browning  of  the  fruit  accompanied  by  a  copious  pro- 
duction of  ash-colored  dusty  tufts  on  the  surface  of  the  fruit,  com- 
posed of  the  fruiting  threads  of  the  fungus.  Later  the  fruit 
becomes  shrunken  and  dry,  and  in  this  "  mummified  "  condition 
may  remain  for  a  long  time  without  decay.  Not  infrequently  the 
whole  fruit  becomes  encased  in  a  layer  of  brownish  dust  consisting 
almost  entirely  of  the  spores  of  the  fungus. 


10  THE   CONNECTICUT   AGRICULTURAL 

Treatment. 

The  most  practical  method  of  checking  the  spread  of  the  dis- 
ease is  by  burning  all  diseased  or  "  mummified  "  fruit.  It  is  in 
this  dried  fruit  that  the  fungus  threads  pass  the  winter.  With 
the  advent  of  warm  weather  the  threads  produce  spores  in  im- 
mense quantities  upon  the  remains  of  the  fruit,  and  the  fresh 
crop  of  fruit  becomes  readily  infected.  Hand-picking  and  burn- 
ing all  diseased  fruit,  both  on  the  tree  and  on  the  ground,  is 
therefore  the  surest  method  of  combating  the  disease.  It  occa- 
sionally attacks  both  the  leaves  and  twigs  as  well  as  the  fruit, 
and  in  such  a  case  again  the  best  remedy  is  picking  and  burning 
the  diseased  parts. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   GRAPE. 

"Black-rot."     [Physalospora  JBiclwellii   (Ellis.)  Sacc] 

This  well  known  disease  usually  appears  first  upon  the  leaves 
and  young  shoots,  producing  reddish-brown  or  blackish  spots. 
About  two  weeks  later  the  berries  are  attacked,  the  first  evidence 
of  this  being  a  black  or  brownish  spot  at  one  or  more  points  on 
the  surface.  Soon  the  whole  berry  turns  brown,  then  black,  and 
finally  becomes  hard  and  leathery,  while  still  remaining  on  the 
stalk.  A  magnifying  glass  reveals  on  the  surface  of  the  diseased 
berries  minute  black  pimples,  within  which  the  several  forms  of 
spores  produced  by  the  fungus  are  born. 

Treatment. 

Warm,  damp  weather  is  especially  conducive  to  the  spread  of 
the  disease,  so  that  during  such  weather  the  vines  will  require 
constant  care.  The  first  precaution  to  be  taken  in  the  spring 
consists  in  ploughing  or  cultivating  between  the  rows  so  as  to 
turn  under  or  cover  any  diseased  grapes  which  may  have  fallen 
the  previous  year. 

Treatment  of  the  vines  immediately'  after  pruning,  with  the 
strong  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper  is  advisable  (p.  4) ;  but  more 
important  is  the  summer  spraying  with  either  the  Bordeaux  mix- 
ture or  the  ammoniacal  carbonate  of  copper.  The  latter  is  more 
profitable  on  account  of  its  almost  equal  efficacy  and  much  smaller 
cost. 


EXPERIMENT   STATION.  11 

Time  of  application. 

Early  treatment  is  indispensable  to  success.  The  appearance 
of  the  first  leaves  should  be  the  signal  to  begin  spraying.  Make 
the  first  application  then,  repeat  it  just  before  the  vines  begin  to 
bloom,  follow  it  up  with  a  third  as  soon  as  the  vines  have  finished 
blooming,  and  repeat  at  intervals  of  twelve  or  fifteen  days  accord- 
ing to  the  weather,  until  the  berries  begin  to  change  color  and 
ripen.  The  most  critical  period  in  this  climate  is  about  the  last 
of  June ;  the  spraying  at  this  time  should  therefore  be  especially 
thorough  and  careful.  If  the  Bordeaux  mixture  is  used  through- 
out the  season  there  is  danger  of  some  of  the  dried  copper  com- 
pound remaining  on  the  berries  when  harvested,  and  this  damages 
the  appearance  of  the  fruit,  though  the  quantity  of  copper  is  too 
small  to  produce  any  injurious  effects  from  eating  the  grapes. 
This  staining  of  the  fruit  may  be  remedied  by  using  the  ammo- 
niacal  carbonate  of  copper  for  the  last  two  sprayings  instead  of 
the  Bordeaux  mixture. 


"  Brown-kot  "   or   "  Downy    Mildew."     \_Plasmopara  viticola 
(B.  and  C.)  Berl.  and  De  Ton.] 

The  fungus  producing  this  disease  is  more  disastrous  to  the 
vines  themselves  than  the  fungus  of  "black-rot,"  inasmuch  as  it 
attacks  the  leaves  causing  them  to  turn  brown  and  fall  prema- 
turely. Later  it  attacks  the  berries.  The  latter  do  not  dry  and 
shrivel  as  in  the  case  of  "black-rot"  but  they  assume  a  grayish 
tint,  the  surface  becomes  discolored  in  places,  especially  near  the 
stem  end,  and  finally,  decay  accompanied  by  a  uniform  brown 
color,  destroys  the  fruit.  On  the  leaves  the  disease  is  readily 
recognized  by  the  grayish,  downy  or  furred  appearance  produced 
on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  by  the  fruiting  threads  of  the 
fungus.  This  downy  form  of  the  disease  may  also  attack  the  ber- 
ries, and  under  such  circumstances  is  unmistakable. 

Treatment. 

The  ammoniacal  carbonate  of  copper  and  the  Bordeaux  mix- 
ture have  both  been  used  with  success  for  this  "  mildew."  The 
former  is  to  be  preferred  because,  while  equally  effective,  it  is 
cheaper  than  the  Bordeaux  mixture. 


12  THE    CONNECTICUT    AGRICULTURAL 

Time  of  application. 

The  treatment  should  b.egin  soon  after  the  first  leaves  are  fully 
formed,  or  from  the  middle  to  the  last  part  of  June  in  this  cli- 
mate, and  should  be  repeated  every  twelve  or  fifteen  days  until 
the  berries  begin  to  color.  In  order  to  insure  perfect  ripening  of 
the  wood  it  is  often  well  to  make  one  or  two  sprayings  after  the 
fruit  is  harvested.  Of  course  if  the  vines  are  being  treated  for 
"  black-rot,"  no  additional  treatment  is  needed  for  the  "  mildew." 

"  Anthracnose  "  (Sphaceloma  arnpelinum  De  Bary). 

This  disease  attacks  the  canes,  leaves,  and  berries.  On  the 
leaves  it  produces  small  brownish  sjjots  with  a  slightly  raised 
border.  Later  these  spots  become  gray  in  the  center  and  often 
separate  from  the  surrounding  healthy  portions  of  the  leaf,  leaving 
the  latter  full  of  round  or  ragged  holes.  On  the  canes  the  effect 
is  similar  except  that  the  spots  often  become  confluent,  producing 
large  elongated  diseased  areas  of  a  grayish  color  and  slightly 
flattened  or  depressed.  On  the  berries  the  spots  are  more  uearly 
circular,  and  their  appearance,  gray  in  the  center  with  a  reddish, 
surrounding  circle  and  a  dark  border,  gives  to  the  disease  the 
common  name  of  "  bird's-eye  rot." 

Treatment. 

The  best  remedy  for  "  anthracnose  "  is  to  wash  or  spray  the 
vines  after  pruning,  and  before  the  buds  begin  to  swell  in  the 
spring,  with  a  strong  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper,  using  one 
pound  to  ten  gallons  of  water.  "  Anthracnose  "  is  not  liable  to 
do  much  damage  in  vineyards  that  are  well  treated  for  "  mildew" 
or  "  black  rot,"  especially  if  the  vines  are  severely  trimmed. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  RASPBERRY  AND  BLACKBERRY. 

"Anthracnose."     (Gkeosporium  Venetian  Speg.) 

This  "anthracnose"  produces  on  the  canes,  small  round  or 
elongated  whitish  patches,  slightly  flattened  and  bordered  with 
a  ring  of  dark  purple.  These  patches  gradually  increase  in 
size  and  number,  and  finally  destroy  the  new  growth  or  stunt 
it  badly.  Upon  the  leaves  it  is  often  visible  as  very  small  yellow- 
ish spots  surrounded  by  a  dark  border,  resembling  those  on  the 


EXPERIMENT   STATION.  13 

eanes  but  much  smaller.  The  fungus  producing  the  disease 
passes  the  winter  in  the  diseased  canes  and  leaves,  a  fresh  crop 
of  spores  is  produced  from  the  old  spots  in  the  spring,  and  the 
new  canes  and  foliage  are  readily  infected. 

Treatment. 

As  in  the  case  of  the  grape  "  anthracnose,"  cutting  out  all 
diseased  wood  and  burning  it  will  gradually  eradicate  the  disease. 
It  should  be  cut  out  in  winter  or  very  early  spring,  below  the 
lowest  diseased  spot.  If  the  canes  are  then  sprayed  with  a  solu- 
tion of  sulphate  of  copper,  using  one  pound  to  ten  gallons  of 
water,  and  if  necessary  sprayed  two  or  three  times  during  the 
summer  with  sulphide  of  potassium  (liver  of  sulphur),  one  ounce 
to  one  gallon  of  water,  or  with  Bordeaux  mixture,  very  little 
damage  is  to  be  feared  from  the  "anthracnose." 


DISEASES  OF  THE  STRAWBERRY. 

"Leaf-blight."     (Sphaerella  Fragariae  Sacc.) 

This  disease  is  characterized  by  the  appearance  of  reddish 
areas  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves.  Later  there  appear  in 
the  center  of  these  discolored  areas  gray  or  whitish  spots,  upon 
which  in  autumn  and  winter  are  developed  several  forms  of  the 
reproductive  bodies  or  spores  of  the  fungus  which  causes  the  dis- 
coloration of  the  leaf. 

Treatment. 

By  annually  renewing  the  settings,  and  planting  only  in  deep 
and  thoroughly  drained  soil,  the  loss  from  blight  will  be  very 
largely  diminished.  Removing  and  destroying  all  the  old  leaves 
after  harvesting,  followed  by  cultivating,  and  the  application  of 
a  quick  fertilizer,  is  a  process  which  has  produced  good  results. 
A  simpler  line  of  treatment  which  in  some  cases  has  proved 
efficacious,  is  spraying  with  the  ammoniacal  carbonate  of  copper. 

Time  of  application. 

The  first  application  should  be  made  the  latter  part  of  April, 
and  this  should  be  repeated  at  intervals  of  about  two  weeks, 
until  four  applications  in  all  have  been  made. 


14-  THE    CONNECTICUT   AGRICULTURAL 


DISEASES   OF    THE   ONION. 

"  Smut."     (  Urocystis  Cepulaz  Frost.) 

This  disease  attacks  the  onion  seedling,  appearing  as  dark  spots 
or  lines  in  the  leaves.  Later,  and  as  other  leaves  develop  and 
become  attacked,  these  spots  begin  to  crack  open  longitudinally, 
exposing  the  fungus  with  its  spores  as  a  black,  powdery  mass. 
If  the  disease  is  not  checked  by  the  natural  withering  of  the  leaf 
first  attacked,  it  spreads  throughout  the  plant,  affecting  even  the 
bulb,  on  which  it  produces  black,  linear  elevations,  running  down 
to  the  base  of  the  bulb  and  extending  up  into  the  leaves. 


Treatment. 

The  only  treatment,  except  rotation  and  transplanting,  which 
has  ever  been  recommended  for  onion  "  smut,"  is  that  suggested 
in  the  Reports  of  this  Station  for  1889  and  1890.  It  consists  in 
sowing  in  the  drills,  with  the  seed,  either  a  mixture  of  equal  parts 
of  sulphur  and  lime,  or  of  sulphide  of  potassium  and  lime.  The 
experiments  which  led  to  this  suggestion  were  made  on  very 
smutty  land,  and  increased  the  yield  in  a  ratio  of  about  5  to  1* 
They  were  merely  preliminary  and  therefore  not  decisive,  but  the 
result  certainly  seems  to  warrant  a  repetition  of  the  experiment. 
The  details  will  be  found  in  the  Reports  referred  to.  It  seems 
probable  now  that  the  measure  of  success  attending  this  treatment 
will  hardly  warrant  its  very  extended  adoption,  and  that  onion 
growers  in  this  state,  as  elsewhere,  will  have  to  adopt  the  method 
of  starting  the  plants  from  seed  in  cold  frames,  and  transplanting 
to  the  field.  This  method  is  laborious,  but  the  additional  labor 
is  compensated  for  by  an  earlier  harvest,  and  very  superior  bulbs. 

To  lessen  the  danger  of  spreading  the  disease  it  should  be 
noted  that  all  implements  used  in  smutty  ground  should  be 
thoroughly  washed  before  being  used  in  clean  ground ;  that  all 
refuse  left  on  the  field  from  a  crop  infected  with  smut,  should  be 
collected  and  burned  ;  that  when  it  is  possible,  onion  land  should 
be  burned  over  in  the  fall ;  and  that  at  the  second  and  subsequent 
hand-weedings,  all  onions  which  show  the  smut  should  be  pulled 
and  burned  at  once. 


EXPERIMENT   STATION-  15 

DISEASES   OF   THE   POTATO. 

"  Blight  "  or  "  Rot."    \Phytophthora  infestans  (Mont.)  DeBary.] 

This  disease  first  appears  as  a  premature  wilting  of  the  tops  of 
the  vines.  The  color  rapidly  changes  to  yellow  and  then  to  a 
dirty  brown.  On  the  under  side  of  the  leaf  in  these  diseased  por- 
tions, is  seen  a  delicate  whitish  mould,  the  fruiting  threads  of  the 
fungus.  The  disease  spreads  quickly,  inducing  a  very  rapid  and 
characteristic  decay  in  the  plants,  and  if  not  checked,  the  fungus 
causing  the  decay  makes  its  way  to  the  tubers  and  affects  them 
producing  the  well-known  "  rot." 

Treatment. 
If  applied  in  time,  the  Bordeaux  mixture  is  an  effective  preven- 
tive of  potato  "  rot."     It  should  be  applied  whether  the  disease 
appears  or  not,  since  it  is  a  preventive  rather  than  a  cure. 

Time  of  application. 
The  first  application  should  be  made  when  the  plants  are  from 
four  to  five' inches  high,  and  it  should  be  repeated  every  ten  or 
twelve  days  until  the  tops  begin  to  wither.  If  it  is  desired 
at  the  same  time  to  treat  the  vines  for  the  "  potato-bug,"  Paris 
green  may  be  used  with  the  Bordeaux  mixture  by  stirring  the 
former  to  a  smooth  paste  in  water  and  adding  it  to  the  latter  in 
the  proportion  of  one  pound  of  Paris  green  to  100  gallons  of  the 
mixture. 

DISEASES   OF   THE   TOMATO. 

"Leaf-blight."     (Cladosporlum  fidvum  Cke.) 

This  fuugus  forms  rusty-brown  patches  on  the  under  side  of 
the  leaves,  inducing  a  yellowing  and  wilting,  usually  followed  by 
the  death  of  the  leaf  attacked. 

Treatment. 
Inasmuch  as  warmth,  moisture,  and  insufficient  circulation  of 
air  are  all  factors  in  the  spread  of  this  disease,  training  the  plants 
on  sticks  or  trellises  to  keep  them  off  the  ground,  and  pruning 
away  all  the  lower  branches  and  leaves  so  as  to  allow  of  the  free 
access  of  sun  and  air,  will  to  a  great  degree  prevent  the  disease. 
Should  it  still  prove  harmful  however,  either  the  Bordeaux  mix- 
ture or  the  ammoniacal  carbonate  of  copper  will  be  found  effective. 


16  THE   CONNECTICUT   AGRICULTURAL 

"  Potato-rot."     (Phytophthora  infestans  De  Bary.) 

This  fungus  which  does  so  much  damage  to  potatoes,  fre- 
quently attacks  tomatoes  also.  Its  general  effect  is  the  same  in 
both  cases,  and  it  may  be  controlled  by  the  same  means. 


THE   PREPARATION   OF   FUNGICIDES. 

Bordeaux  Mixture. 

Formula  I. 

Sulphate  of  copper  ("  blue  vitriol,"  "  blue-stone  ") 1\  lbs. 

Quick  lime 2  lbs. 

Water 22  galls. 

Or  2. 

Sulphate  of  copper 1  lb. 

Quick  lime 1  lb. 

Water 22  galls. 

Pulverize  the  sulphate  of  copper  and  dissolve  in  2  galls,  of 
water  heated  to  hasten  the  solution.  Dilute  this  solution  with 
14  galls,  of  water.  Slake  the  lime  (which  should  be  fresh,  i.  e. 
not  partly  air-slaked)  with  6  galls,  of  water,  adding  the  latter 
slowly  and  stirring  to  a  smooth  paste.  Allow  this  mixture  to 
stand  a  short  time,  then  stir  it  and  pour  it  slowly  into  the  copper 
sulphate  solution,  stirring  rapidly  during  the  operation.  Never 
pour  in  any  of  the  coarser  sediment  which  settles  readily  to  the 
bottom. 

This  mixture  should  be  made  fresh  for  each  application  in  order 
to  secure  the  best  results. 

Formula  2  is,  of  course,  cheaper  than  Formula  1,  and  is  quite 
as  effective  against  "  black-rot,"  and  "  mildew  "  of  the  grape,  "  leaf- 
blight  "  of  the  tomato,  and  probably  against  "potato-rot "  as  well. 

Ammokiacal  Carbonate  of  Copper. 

Carbonate  of  copper 3oz. 

Carbonate  of  ammonia 1  lb. 

Water 50  galls. 

Pulverize  and  mix  together  the  carbonate  of  copper  and  the 
carbonate  of  ammonia.  Add  two  quarts  of  hot  water,  obtaining 
a  clear  solution.     Dilute  with  water  to  fifty  gallons. 


EXPERIMENT   STATION".  1< 

The  carbonate  of  copper  can  be  made  more  cheaply  than  it  can 
be  bought  by  dissolving  in  one  barrel  2-J  lbs.  of  carbonate  of  soda 
(sal  soda)  in  hot  water,  and  in  another  barrel  2  lbs.  of  sulphate  of 
copper  in  hot  water.  When  the  solutions  are  complete,  and  cool, 
pour  the  sal  soda  solution  slowly  into  the  copper  solution,  stirring 
continuously.  A  heavy  green  precipitate  will  result,  consisting 
of  1  lb.  of  carbonate  of  copper.  Now  fill  the  barrel  up  with 
water,  let  the  carbonate  settle  at  the  bottom,  and  then  siphon  off 
the  clear  water.  Repeat  the  operation  once.  Finally,  strain  out 
and  dry  the  carbonate  of  copper. 

A  much  simpler  ammonia-copper  solution  is  made  as  follows : 

Ammonia-copper  Solution. 

Sulphate  of  copper ilb. 

Carbonate  of  ammonia .     1  lb. 

"Water 62  galls. 

The  carbonate  of  ammonia  should  be  hard  and  transparent.  If 
it  has  become  soft  and  opaque,  l£  lbs.  will  be  required.  Pulver- 
ize the  carbonate  of  ammonia  and  dissolve  it  in  hot  water  in  a 
wooden  pail,  stirring  until  foaming  ceases.  Then  add  the  sul- 
phate of  copper  and  stir  again  as  long  as  the  mixture  effervesces. 
Dilute  with  water  to  62  gallons  (2  barrels). 

This  solution  may  be  used  in  any  case  where  ammoniacal  car- 
bonate of  copper  is  recommended,  though  having  been  used  but 
little  as  yet,  practical  trials  are  requisite  to  determine  what  dilu- 
tions are  most  proper.  The  formula  given  above  corresponds  very 
nearly  to  the  formula  given  for  ammoniacal  carbonate  of  coppei\ 

COST   OF  MATERIALS. 

The  following  are  the  approximate  wholesale  prices  of  the 
chemicals  most  commonly  used  as  fungicides. 

Lime  ... per  bbl.  (300  lbs.)..$  1.65 

Sulphate  of  copper  (granulated)* "         (450  lbs.)..   15.75 

Sulphate  of  iron .per  lb. .01 

Carbonate  of  copper "      .42 

Carbonate  of  ammonia " .  .12 

Carbonate  of  soda "      .02 

Sulphur  (flowers  of  sulphur) "      .02 

Sulphide  of  potassium  (liver  of  sulphur).    .   .      "      about  .12 

*  The  Nichols  Chemical  Company,  45-49  Cedar  St.,  New  York  City. 


18 


THE    CONNECTICUT   AGRICULTURAL 


SPRAYING   APPARATUS. 

Pumps. 

For  spraying  on  a  large  scale  where  a  large  portable  receptacle 
is  needed,  a  strong  force-pump  which  can  be  mounted  on  a  barrel 
and  drawn  from  place  to  place,  is  a  great  saving  of  time  and 
labor.  A  pump  well  adapted  to  this  purpose  is  "  Gould's  double- 
acting  spraying  pump  "  fitted  with  couplings  on  both  sides  which 
allow  of  the  simultaneous  use  of  two  sets  of  hose,  and  the  spray- 
ing of  two  orchard  rows  at  the  same  time.  (See  Plate  IV.)  This 
pump,  which  is  powerful,  simple,  and  compact,  is  made  by  the 
Goulds  M'f'g.  Co.,  of  Seneca  Falls,  N".  Y.  An  equally  good 
pump  for  use  under  the  same  conditions  is  manufactured  by  W. 
&  B.  Douglas,  of  Middletown,  Conn.  The  mixture  may  be  kept 
stirred  by  means  of  a  disk  of  wood  screwed  to  the  end  of  a 
broom-handle  and  inserted  through  a  hole  in  the  top  of  the  barrel. 

For  spraying  on  a  smaller  scale,  or  where  a  mounted  barrel 
cannot  be  driven,  some  form  of  "knapsack"  sprayer  is  convenient 
if  not  essential.  Many  forms  are  advertised,  all  made  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  combining  with  a  small  force-pump,  a  tank  or  receptacle 
to  be  carried  on  the  back.  A  very  perfect  machine  of  the  kind 
is  known  as  the  "  Galloway  Knapsack  Sprayer."  The  Messrs. 
Doxiglas,  of  Middletown,  are  prepared  to  furnish  this  sprayer,  or 
one  very  similar  to  it.  A  knapsack  sprayer  consisting  of  a  copper 
tank  to  which  is  adjusted  an  ordinary  "  Aquanette  "  or  "  Hydro- 
nette "  hand  force-pump,  was  devised  by  Dr.  Thaxter  of  this 
Station,  and  described  in  detail  in  the  Station  Report  for  1890. 
This  machine,  as  seen  in  the  subjoined  cut,  is  simple,  easily  made 
and  adjusted,  costs  but  little  over  $8.00  complete,  and  when  not 
in  use  leaves  the  force-pump  free  for  any  of  the  numerous  uses  to 
which  such  a  pump  may  be  put. 


EXPERIMENT   STATION.  19 

If  the  area  to  be  sprayed  requires  but  six  or  eight  gallons  of 
the  liquid,  as  e.  g.  in  greenhouse  work,  or  when  only  a  few  plants 
or  vines  are  to  be  treated,  a  most  serviceable  pump  for  attaching 
to  a  pail  is  the  Johnson  pump,  sold  for  $4.50  by  Cordley  &  Hayes, 
]  73—175  Duane  St.,  New  York  City.  If  the  nozzle  sent  with 
this  pump  is  removed  and  replaced  by  a  piece  of  f-in.  hose,  6  or  8 
ft.  long,  provided  with  a  Vermorel  nozzle,  a  most  effective  and 
convenient  means  of  spraying  on  a  small  scale  is  procured. 

Nozzles. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say,  after  so  much  has  been  written 
and  said  on  the  subject,  that  for  the  proper  application  of  fungi- 
cides a  rose  nozzle  or  an  ordinary  sprinkler  is  not  sufficient.  Sev- 
eral spraying  nozzles  have  been  devised  of  "which  only  two  need 
be  mentioned  here,  the  Nixon  and  the  Vermorel. 

In  the  Nixon  nozzle  the  liquid  is  driven  through  a  fine  gauze 
cap  and  issues  in  a  copious,  smoky  spray.  For  use  with  clear 
liquids  it  is  unsurpassed.  With  mixtures  however,  like  the  Bor- 
deaux mixture  which  contains  lime  in  suspension,  this  nozzle  is 
liable  to  clog  and  is  not  readily  cleaned.* 

The  Vermorel  nozzle  works  equally  well  with  clear  solutions 
and  with  liquids  having  substances  in  suspension,  it  delivers  a 
fine  and  abundant  spray,  and  is  on  the  whole  the  most  serviceable 
nozzle  for  general  work  with  which  we  are  acquainted. 

Hose. 

It  is  often  necessary  in  directing  a  spray  at  some  distance  from 
the  ground,  to  use  a  greater  length  of  hose  than  would  ordinarily 
suffice.  The  best  kind  for  the  purpose,  as  for  any  light  discharge 
pipe,  is  what  is  known  as  \  in.  "  linen  insertion  tubing."  The 
hose  should  be  attached  to  a  light  pole  of  sufficient  length  to 
reach  above  the  foliage  to  be  sprayed,  so  that  the  spray  may  be 
directed  downwards  upon  it. 

*  This  nozzle  may  be  procured  of  the  Nixon  Nozzle  and  Machine  Co.  of  Day- 
ton, Ohio,  at  $1.00  each. 


20         THE    CONN.    AGRICULTURAL    EXPERIMENT   STATION. 

The  following  quotations  for  spraying  pumps  and  accessories 
are  furnished  by  Messrs.  W.  &  B.  Douglas  of  Middletown,  Conn. 
The  quotations  are  on  goods  ordered  directly  from  their  factories 
at  Middletown,  and  the  prices  are  net: 

Double  Acting  Spraying  Pump  (similar  to  Gould's)  with  all  brass  piston 

and  brass  outer  cylinder* : $9.50 

Double  Acting  Spraying  Pump  (similar  to  Gould's)  with  all  brass 

piston  and  iron  outer  cylinder,  fitted  with  leather  valves 5.00 

The  same,  fitted  with  metallic  valves 6.50 

Three  feet  suction  hose  for  same  with  couplings  and  brass  strainer  2.25 

Single  couplings  for  £-inch  hose .25 

T-couplings            "                " 1.00 

"  Aquanette  "  force  pump 4.00 

Vermorel  Nozzle  (2  caps  with  coupling   for   J-inch  hose  or  with   large 

standard  coupling  as  desired) 1.25 

The  Messrs.  Douglas  will  also  be  prepared  to  furnish   Prof.  Galloway's 
Knapsack  Spraying  Pump  with  planished  copper  tank  and  copper 

cover,  for  about 11. 00 

Tanks  arranged  for  use  with  Hydronette  or  Aquanette  as  shown  in  cut  on 
page  18,  can  be  made  of  unplanished  copper  with  tin  cover  by  any 

tinman  for  less  than .  3.00 

Quotations  for  tubing  given  by  the  Goodyear  Rubber  Store, 
F.  C.  Tuttle,  prop.,  866  Chapel  St.,  New  Haven. 

J-inch  linen  insertion  tubing  (lots  of  100  feet  or  more)  per  foot .08 

"         "            "            "       (lots  of  50  feet  or  more)  per  foot .10 

"         "            "            "       (lots  of  less  than  50  feet)  per  foot -  .12 

-|-inch  heavy  rubber  tubing,  per  foot .20 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATES. 

Plates  I  and  II.  Quince  Orchard  at  Milford,  Conn.,  showing  comparative  result 
on  leafage  of  one  season's  treatment  with  Bordeaux  mixture. 
Season  of  1890. 

Plate  III.  Same  Orchard,  showing  comparative  result  on  fruit  crop  of  two 
seasons'  treatment  with  Bordeaux  mixture.     Season  of  1891. 

Plate  IV.     Double-acting  spraying  pump  in  operation. 

*  For  use  with  the  copper  compounds  it  is  advisable  to  have  all  the  parts  of 
the  pump,  including  the  outer  cylinder,  made  of  brass,  as  these  compounds  cor- 
rode iron. 


PLATE   I. 


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PLATE   II 


PLATE 


Quince  Orchard  showing  result  of  Spraying  with  Bordeaux  Mixture,  1891, 


'  $'£&'& 

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**" 

Adjacent  row  showing  result  of  no  treatment. 


PLATE   IV. 


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